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TIME: Almanac of the 20th Century
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TIME, Almanac of the 20th Century.ISO
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1990
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90
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apr_jun
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1993-02-16
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102 lines
<p>Chronicle of Tragedies
</p>
<p> I began to hear the words "arrest" and "search" more and
more often. Hardly a single family remained untouched, and ours
was no exception.
</p>
<p> My Uncle Ivan, whose two sons literally starved to death in
1920, during the civil war, had a tragic fate. Father often
said that Ivan, his older brother, was a born engineer. He
mastered any work he picked up and had more breadth and dash
than any of the other four brothers. Persuaded by high school
classmates like Nikolai Bukharin (later a prominent Bolshevik)
that he ought to "serve the people," he abandoned engineering
for law school. He rose quickly to the top of the legal
profession.
</p>
<p> There were a great many things he didn't like about the
system. Years later I was told that he had drawn a caricature
of Stalin with fanglike teeth and a sinister grin behind the
mustache. But it wasn't this that caused his arrest. He tried
to help a friend leave the country by lending him his passport
and was imprisoned for about two years.
</p>
<p> Released in the early 1930s, Uncle Ivan became a draftsman,
and a very good one. In 1935 he was arrested again. Sent into
internal exile, he worked as a buoy keeper on the Volga and as
manager (and sole employee) of a hydrological station in the
same area. During the war, arrested a third time, he died from
malnutrition in Krasnoyarsk prison hospital. A letter his wife
had mailed to him was returned inscribed: "Addressee relocated
to the cemetery."
</p>
<p> This wasn't the only misfortune to befall our family in the
1930s. The second husband of Father's sister-in-law Valya had
been an officer in the Czar's forces and then with the
anti-Bolshevik forces. In the mid-1930s, like most former White
Guard officers, he was arrested and shot. Mother's half-brother
Vladimir died in a camp. My cousin Yevgeni was sent to a labor
camp, where he drowned while rafting timber down a river.
Another of Mother's half-brothers, Konstantin, was arrested and
died during the investigation; he may have been killed while
under interrogation, but we preferred not to think of that
possibility.
</p>
<p> Every family I know suffered casualties, and many lost more
members than ours did. Millions perished from a whole range of
cataclysms: the deportation of kulaks [well-to-do peasants] to
special settlements; the famine following collectivization;
witch hunts for "saboteurs" and "enemies of the people" (often
the more enterprising members of society); spy mania; religious
persecution; ill-treatment of returning prisoners of war;
campaigns against "cosmopolitans," "gleaners" (it was a crime
to gather grain left in the fields after the harvest) and
violators of work discipline; and other causes. Millions more
died in the war, and the magnitude of the losses must be
charged to the regime and the disorganization it produced.
</p>
<p> I hardly ever heard Father condemn the regime outright. But
once in 1950 he vehemently denounced Stalin. It may be that
Father had refrained from expressing his feelings for my sake;
he may have worried that understanding too much too soon might
make it difficult for me to survive. This reluctance to reveal
one's thoughts even to one's own son may be the most haunting
sign of those times.
</p>
<p> Uncle Ivan, on the other hand, would speak with far less
restraint. He regarded the socialist system as an efficient
instrument for consolidating power but one poorly geared to the
satisfaction of human needs. Under capitalism, he would say,
the seller chases after the buyer, and that makes both of them
work better; under socialism, the buyer chases the seller, and
neither has time to work. The aphorism reflects a measure of
truth.
</p>
<p> No less important are other features of the system: the
denial of civil liberties and of the rights of the individual,
intolerance of other ideologies, a dangerous pretension to
absolute truth. But I did not become conscious of these until
much later. I was content to absorb communist ideology without
questioning it.
</p>
<p> I remember Grandmother using the word "peacetime" for the
era prior to 1914; there was a widespread yearning for
stability. In our day too there is nostalgia for stability and
order; ironically, it looks back to the Stalin era described
so aptly by Anna Akhmatova in her poem "Requiem" as "a time
when only the dead could smile, delivered from their wars."
</p>
<p> In the 1920s and 1930s the terms Russia and Russian had an
almost indecent ring to them, suggesting the bitter nostalgia
of people "who once had been something." But in the mid-1930s,
official propaganda found a use for the idea of national pride.
This idea has since been increasingly exploited, not just for
defense purposes, but to bolster the fading slogan of "world
communism," to justify the country's isolation, the campaign
against "cosmopolitanism" and so on. It no longer seems
impossible that the state might openly endorse an ideology of
Russian nationalism. And, at the same time, Russian nationalism
is becoming more intolerant, in dissident circles as well.
</p>